Richard asks…
For the derived equation of gibbs free energy, what does E mean, and what does E0 mean?
Refer to this image:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/b/b/e/bbe3da13b1c2e5b587b6c77812e9b262.png
adminsta answers:
Delta E = the electrical potential of the reaction
not sure of the other one
Joseph asks…
How are electrons recycled into a particle accerator used for energetic electrons in a free electron LASER?
I understand that a particle /linear accerator would be the logical source supplying the energetic, free electrons to the LASER cavity, and that super-cooled, super-conducting magnets (like used in an accelerator or magnetic resonance imaging system) can be used as “wigglers” to tune the wavelength of the emitted photons, but how in “Zues’ name” do the electrons that were once free and energetic get recycled into the particle accerator to be reenergized? How does one avoid destroying the mirrors by the tremendous energy and “hot spots”?
adminsta answers:
You asked several questions. My answer applies to the generation of “free electrons”.
If you can, picture the structure of an electronic vacuum tube, the invention of which (the triode, at least) is attributed to Lee Deforest. Thomas Edison worked on similar devices.
1) A material (such as Thorium) is electrically heated to a temperature such that electrons are “boiled off” and are electrostatically attracted to a positively (voltage) charged “plate” in a vacuum. This flow of free electrons is a current (amperes).
2) These electrons are NOT recycled. The Thorium gradually deteriorates – is worn out.
3) In a similar manner, this may be a source of electrons in the devices you mention.
Ruth asks…
How will Obama free us from Saudi Oil in 10 years, without drilling?
OBAMA: As president, I will put the full resource of the federal government and the full energy of the private sector behind a self-image, overarching goal: in ten years, we’re gonna eliminate the need for oil from the entire Middle East and Venezuela. (applause) All of it.
Alternatives are way far away from being anything close to usable.
adminsta answers:
First of all Off-Shore drilling won’t do anything
Also Obama is not opposed to more drilling in the continental U.S. But the fact is we only have three percent of the worlds oil. We can’t drill our way out of this.
Alternate fuel is not as far off as you might think. Brazil has been using bio fuels for years it has been working pretty well for them. Also Spain and other coutries have been using a lot of slolar energy. Why should other countries go ahead of us while we stay behind?
We have the technology to wean ourselves from from foreign oil why not use it?
Betty asks…
Activation energy involving enzymes?
I am in need of an explanation involving activation energy when it comes to enzymes. I know that enzymes greatly reduce the activation energy during a catabolic process (feel free to correct me if my information is wrong) and I have seen the chart involving activation energy with enzymes, but I need an explanation of it. Thanks a lot and here’s the link for the chart:
http://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/meteorite/Images/activation-energy.png
adminsta answers:
Basically what this chart is saying is that:
Enzymes are not little machines that break down particles; in reality they are just little molecules with unique shapes that, when bound to their molecule, will bend it in a specific way that makes it easier to break.
For instance say that peroxidase catalyzes the reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide and Oxygen to form H2O and O2.
Peroxidase does not just go up and break the H2O2 apart, what it really does is hold onto the H2O2 molecule and stretch it just a little.
When the molecule is stretched the covalent bonds between the atoms are strained and therefor easily broken.
This is why the curve of “activation energy” is lower when the enzyme is involved.
I hope this helps!!
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